Summary
– Mining vehicles use batteries ranging from 100 kWh to 2 MWh, with suppliers like CATL, ABB, and Northvolt developing products well-suited for mining
– Lithium-ion-phosphate (LFP) batteries are preferred in mining vehicles due to their longer cycle life, despite lower energy densities
– Technologies like lithium-titanium-oxide and sodium-ion are expected to become viable for mining vehicles in the future
– OEMs are working on reducing downtime for charging, with methods like multi-gun charging and battery swapping being explored
– Dynamic charging using power rails or overhead catenary lines is being developed to eliminate charging downtime and maximize productivity in mining vehicles
Article
The report discusses the size variability of mining vehicles and the corresponding batteries required, ranging from 100 kWh for light vehicles up to 2 MWh for large electric haul trucks. The development and competitiveness of these batteries are only now reaching satisfactory levels due to their large size. Turnkey battery suppliers like CATL, ABB, and Northvolt have created products specifically suited for mining vehicles, with ongoing development work.
Lithium-nickel-manganese-cobalt (NMC) and lithium-iron-phosphate (LFP) batteries are the two primary chemistries used in mining vehicles. Despite LFP batteries having lower energy densities, they are preferred for use in nearly 80% of mining vehicles due to their longer cycle life. This longevity is crucial as mining vehicles such as haul trucks often require multiple battery replacements, making it more cost-effective to use a longer-lasting battery pack.
The report predicts that other battery technologies such as lithium-titanium-oxide (LTO) and sodium-ion (Na-ion) will continue to develop and could become viable for use in mining vehicles. This diversification may lead to improved performance and efficiency in the industry, offering alternatives to the current dominant battery chemistries.
Charging challenges have been a significant hindrance to the adoption of electric vehicles in the mining industry, as vehicles require hours of downtime for recharging. Original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) have made progress in reducing charging times through methods like multi-gun charging and megawatt charging systems, which aim to decrease downtime to between 20 and 60 minutes. However, rapid charging rates may accelerate battery degradation and increase replacement frequency.
Battery swapping is another charging alternative gaining traction in the mining industry, especially for underground vehicles. This method involves using two swappable battery packs per vehicle, allowing one to be used while the other charges. Swapping can be completed in as little as 5 to 10 minutes using dedicated stations, enhancing productivity but requiring additional space and infrastructure.
Dynamic charging, which involves charging vehicles in-cycle using power rails or catenary lines, has the potential to eliminate charging downtime entirely and maximize productivity. While still in development, this technology has seen limited use but could be a game-changer for the electrification of the mining industry. OEMs and charging providers continue to refine their technologies to optimize performance for different types of mining vehicles with varying technical requirements and duty cycles.
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